Calorimeter Process

Calorimeter Process1. IntroductionThe narration as a study for motor horn ope scored under jam difference from 0.1 to 10 bars. infra this specification the report discuss the next point.The factor affecting on the sch motor horn efficiencyApplication in natural gasEffect of nozzle efficiency on the quality of combustion and how the quality of combustion could be enhanced1.1. DefinitionThe nozzle defined as device setting in the shine path to achieve change in force, temperature and the velocity also it can defined as an mechanical device designed to achieve tyrannical process on the direction or characteristic of the enkindle operate as it exits or entry it can take the shape of an closed domiciliate or pipe via an orifice .Reference http//www.Engineeringtoolbox.com1- PressureWe con notice that when the tranquils flow through the nozzle as the draw increased the discharge rate also increased and all other factor re master(prenominal)s constant. The relationship surround ed by the pressure and discharge from a nozzle exit isA primeval equation. The theoretical discharge from any nozzleGiven by the next relation.Flow rate = CA (2gh) 5C Means the symmetryless coefficient for the particular nozzle in question.A Means the field of the nozzle orifice.h- Means the pressure head applied to the nozzle.G Means the accele symmetryn of gravity.As the pressure acts in the nozzle exit it directly affect to the stream of fuel .let us compare in the below figure between the gas stream with divergent pressure.1- Differential pressure flow metersIn lineament of the differential pressure drop this device utilize to calculate the flow by measuring the pressure drop over an obstruction inserted in the flow. The main idea of the differential pressure flow meter is based on the Bernoulli equation. These achieved by measuring pressure drop signal as function of square flow speed.p1 + 1/2 ? v12 = p2 + 1/2 ? v22The most common types of differential pressure flow meter s area- Orifice plateWith the using of the orifice plate, the tranquil flow is measured through the difference in pressure from the upstream side to the downriver side. As showing in figure 1 this process apply in case when dont needs for high accuracy.b- Venturi pipeworkIts best used in our case because this apparatus used in case of low pressure drop between the inlet and the step forwardlet of nozzle. In the venturi tube cover the flow rate is measured by reducing the cross contribution flow area in the path of the fluid flow After the constricted area, the fluid passes through the pressure recovery section. When up to 80 % of the differential pressure generated at the constricted area, is recovered with proper instrument and flow calibrating. The venture tube flow can be less to about ten percentage of its full scale range with proper accuracy.c- Flow nozzleThe flow nozzle are often used as measuring elements for gas flow application When the gas accelerated through the nozzle, the velocity increase and the pressure so the gas density decreased and the maximum velocity done in the throat section. Recovery of pressure drop in orifices , nozzles and venture metersAfter the pressure difference has been generated in the differential flow meter. The fluid sacking during the pressure recovery section. By means where the differential pressure generated at the constricted area is partly recovered2- Variable area flow meterThe rotameter composed of an vertically glass tube with large end in the top section of the main body of the rotameter and metering float which it free move . when the fluid flow causes the float raise in the tube and apply the relation of P = h * g * PWhere P =pressure difference between inlet and outletH = float recordingP = fluid density3- speeding flowmetersIn this process the flow calculated by measuring the speed and calculate the pressure difference from the next relationp1 p2 = 1/2 p (v22- p v12 )4- Pitot tubesThe pitot tube are one the most used in air flow measurement. The main idea for its operation is in measure the fluid velocity by converting the kinetic energy to potential energy.5- Calorimetric flowmeterThis device principle for fluid flow measurement is based on two temperature sensors in close contact with the fluid but thermal insulated from each other . one of the two sensors is contactly take fireed so there are temperature difference between the measurement of the two sensors .5-turbine flowmeter6-vortex flowmeter7-electromagnetic flowmeter8-ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter9-positive displacement flowmeter10-mass flowmeters11-thermal flowmeter12-open channel flowmeterCalorimetric operation theoryThe main idea for the operation theory of the calorimetric flowmeter based on measurements for the temperature in advance and after the nozzle by using two sensor and converting this difference to signal translated by the usage of the gauge indicators . When the fluid flow start passing into the nozzle the heat energy is drawn from the heated sensor and the temperature difference is directly proportional to the fluid flow rate through the nozzleAdvantages and disadvantages of calorimetric flowmeterAdvantagesDisadvantages1-high accuracy at minimum flow rate1-costs2- In general lower thermal conductivity require higher velocity for proper measurement.2-appear cavitations in high speed3-easy in its operation process3-normally operates at low range4-High repeatability4-low noisy factor5- high dynamic response6-high sensitivity7-small dimension ( portable )Lab applicationCalorimetric provides two types of data. The first type is measurement of the heat capacities. This leads to values of the standard entropy St , the enthalpy ( or heat content ) HT- HS . And the enthalpies and the entropies of rapid word form changes (fusion, vaporization, polymorphism) of a single material. the second type of measurement of heats of chemical reaction ( formation from the elements or the oxides , rela tively stability of competing phase assemblages , mixing in solid and liquids solutions ) either by direct reaction or through a thermchemical cycle such as is involved.Second application for the nozzle in the calorimeter is to spray the natural gas to have a fit it inside the combustion domiciliate. The next figure show example for burner nozzle.1-Fuel properties and the effects of spraysOur fuel used in the calorimeter is the natural gas which takes the name of isooctane (C2H6) and it has the next microstructureTemperatureThe temperature difference between the inlet and the outlet of the nozzle also affecting on the nozzle execution of instrument this achieved by when the temperature increased this directly effecting on the fuel properties specially in its viscosity so in the petroleum applications for the high viscosity sometimes used heating process for the fuel before path through the nozzle .Surface TensionThe Surface tension in natural is the tendency of the open of the l iquid to contracting with the smallest possible area. The effect is normally similar to the skin surrounding the body of the liquid and pulling it into the shape, which lead have the least join of the surface area. That shape is spherical shape. Surface tensionNatural of flowThe natural of fluid flow through the nozzle effect on its action .for example in case of laminar flow the act of the nozzle will be better than in case of turbulent flow.In case of found a head it also affect in the nozzle performance.Cleaning NozzlesIn case of using fluids containing sluts and other dusts it concentrated in the main body of the nozzle which affect on the nozzle path that reduce the flow rate through the nozzle which affect on its performance . atomiser PatternsThe Nozzles used for oil burners are provided in two different general types of spray patterns, hollow cone and solid cone. These are illustrated in the below Figure. It will be noted in these illustrations that the hollow cone is a spray in which the concentration of droplets is at the outer edge of the spray with little or no fuel in the center of the spray versus the other type of sprays which leads to an weakness in the performance of the nozzle.Performance improvementThe efficiency of the nozzle depending on several factors it concentrated onType of sprayer and nozzle of designThe percentage of air to fuel ratioSpark method from heaters to use the effervesce ignition technology.Percentage of carbon on the fuelSo in the next section we discuss these factors which it can affect on the nozzle performance1- Flammability ( intent start)The classical method for lighting the calorimeter is matching it is not efficient so that we improve the nozzle performance from this side by using the cancel ignition technology.This spark ignition working depending on providing it with fixed voltage from barrage fire to be able get the initial spark to start the burning process* The spark ignition which get the initial spa rk to the instrument get its power connected by wire (3mm ) which connected also to battery with 12 v .2- Fuel to air ratioIn the theory of the stoichiometric mixture has just enough air to completely burn burn the available fuel. In natural this is never quite achieved, due primarily to the very short time available in the internal combustion chamber for each combustion cycle. Most of this combustion process completes in approximately 4-5 milliseconds. This is the time that elapses from when the spark is fired until the burning process completed.The Air fuel ratio is the most common reference term used for mixtures in internal combustion enginesIt is the ratio between the mass of air and the mass of fuel in the fuel-air mix at any given momentFor pure natural gas the stoichiometric mixture is approximately 14.71 or ? of 1.00 exactly3-to practise a window from the top to see the flame from inside instead of opening the system of rules each time. We must use material Cleary to see out from it and work under pressure 10 barrm C_2H_6 + tfrac72rm O_2 rightarrow 2rm CO_2 + 3rm H_2OEquivalent ratioThe equivalence ratio of a system is defined as the ratio of the fuel-to-oxidizer ratio to the stoichiometric fuel-to-oxidizer ratio. Mathematicallyphi = fracmboxfuel-to-oxidizer ratio(mboxfuel-to-oxidizer ratio)_st = fracm_fuel/m_ox(m_fuel/m_ox)_st = fracn_fuel/n_ox(n_fuel/n_ox)_st4-carbon percentage in the fuelNatural gas is an extremely important source of energy for reducing pollution and maintaining a clean and muscular environment. In addition to being a domestically abundant and secure source of energy, the use of natural gas also offers a number of environmental benefits over other sources of energy, particularly other fossil fuels. This section will discuss the environmental effects of natural gas, in terms of emissions as fountainhead as the environmental impact of the natural gas industry itself. Scroll down, or click on the links below to be transported ahea d.ConclusionThe report is an investigation to describe the calorimeter process and the system operation with the nozzle performance and the method to improve its performance. So the main objectives from the report areTo understand the introductory principle of calorimeter and its necessity in engineeringto investigate different types of calorimeters. The advantages and disadvantagesusing these calorimeters in the engineering lab environment.References1- http//www.pro-techsolutionsltd.com/PDF/flownozzle.pdf2- www.EngineeringToolBox.com3- www.flowmeterdirectory.co.uk/flowmeter_calorimetric.html4- www.webersensorsinc.com/glossary.html5- S. Sosin, C. Moldovan, R. Iosub Designing and manufacturing of a calorimetric micro-sensor for methane detection, CAS International semiconductor Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2, 2004, pp. 381 384.6- www.bioline.org.br/pdf?se080217-R. Mohan Kumar, R. Muraliddharan, D. Rajan Babu, K. V. Rajendiran, R. Jayavel, D. Jayaraman, and P.Ramasamy, J. Cryst. Gro wth 229, 568 (2001).8-K. Meera, R. Muralidharan, R. Jeyavel, and P. Ramasamy, J. Cryst. Growth 263, 510 (2004).