Does Capital Punishment Deter Crime Essay

In the phrase Inequality Causes and Consequences, Kathryn M. Neckerman and Florencia Torche discuss the existing patterns, causes and consequences of stinting contrariety in the unify States, including dis touchment of earnings, wealthiness, and opportunity. Their research refers to the social and g everywherenmental causes and consequences of difference in such(prenominal) beas as wellness, education, crime, social capital, and political precedent (Neckerman & Torche, 2007, p. 335). In addition, they discuss world distinction, exploring the study(ip) distinction trends across antithetic nations.The researchers of this article subscribe the major goal to help readers to better determine the roots of this social caper and its effects on people, organizations and labor markets. In fact, sparing distinction in the linked States constitutes a social problem which required the appropriate solutions. fit in to George Ritzer (2004), problems associated with sparing dis agreement ar almost linked to the level of development, with inconsistency being a far great problem in developed nations than in little developed countries (p. 10).Undoubtedly, such social problem as stinting disagreement piece of ass be found both in developed and developing countries. In the film together Sates, this issue is of great importance as the Ameri sight nation is found on the principle all people are created equal and should be treated equally. Most Americans believe that they are a part of the bosom class that command a large part of American society. However, straightaway there is an narrate of certain stinting differences between the naughty and the unretentive, although the join States provides equal opportunities for personal development. gibe to Neckerman and Torche (2007), in the coupled States, the obvious economical disparities break throughed to rise in the1970s, musical composition the increased economic disparities can be easily identi fied today. whiz of the sociological researches, the long-term Luxembourg Income prove of 2000, proves the fact that economic disparity is much higher(prenominal) in the United States than in other industrialized countries. And only two industrialized countries, Mexico and Russia energize more income distinction than the United States (Brinkerhoff et al. , 2007, p. 147).It has been found that the lower class10% of American race has develop extremely pal crusade, while the upper class 10% has become extremely wealthier. The increased income dissimilitude is closely connected with the changes in the economic system of the United States. The research shows that 80% of Americans work in offshoot and retail occupations which pay lowers wages in comparison with the manufacturing jobs that once predominate the US economy (Brinkerhoff et al. , 2007, p. 147). In addition, practically all economic divisions emphasise to replace well-paid permanent workers with lower-paid part-tim e workers.Thus, the above mentioned changes combined with declining level of conjugation membership and a stationary minimum wage has contributed to the lower incomes of poor and working class Americans. The primary patterns and causes of inequality in the United States establish on the article Inequality Causes and Consequences are focused on the leash areas of inequality inequality in wealth, inequality of opportunity and wage inequality. The authors of the article pay special attention to the recent trends and are based on the major factors that are driving dispersional outcomes in the United States.To start with, one of the major causes of inequality in the United States is wage inequality which remains stable despite economic crisis. High skilled employees get higher wages than incapable workers. In addition, inequality matters in contemporaneous society help to better understand the differences in economic public assistance of all Americans. The authors of the article b elieve that inequality at one read/write head in time may affect inequality in the succeeding(prenominal) generation, what gives explanation to the issue of equality of opportunity, or the so-called social mobility (Neckerman, & Torche, 2007, p. 39). One more cause of inequality in the United States is inequality in wealth. right away wealth is more unevenly distributed than income, concord to Neckerman and Torche (2007, p. 338). In the United States, wealth inequality is connected with the increase of states by the well-paid employees. In fact, wealth increase is one of the basic motivators of behavior of Americans. As wealth is strong in the hands of the small part of the population, wealth inequality can be viewed as one of the most important causes of inequality in the United States.I support the above mentioned causes and patterns of inequality in the United States because the authors ideas are based on the reliable sources, such as many sociological and economic researc hes conducted by the experts in economic issues and based on the proper statistical data. Moreover, the causes of inequality represented in the article have al produce been identified by many economists and sociologists. Finally, I support the causes and patterns of inequality provided by the authors of the article because they are similar to my personal views and ideas on this subject.For example, I believe that wage inequality in the United States is affected by the following factors the increased international vocation and considerable technological changes, the process of immigration and improved training practices and education. It is clear that the increased international trade and technological improvements in all ranges of world activity require extremely skilled workers, promoting wage inequality. In addition, increased level of immigration of unskilled workers results in a slack in the supply of skilled workers congenator to unskilled workers(Carbaugh, 2011, p. 3).Th is fact means that immigration promotes wage inequality in the United States. Wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers can be reduced due to the adequate education and training of workers. Thus, my ideas concerning the major causes of inequality in the United States are similar to the authors ideas. Economic inequality in the United States may have a number of consequences non only for the countrys economy, but also for all Americans.According to Neckerman and Torche (2007), economic inequality in the US society may reward privilege among the affluent and disadvantage among the poor, reinforcing economic inequality in the succeeding(prenominal) generation (p. 340). This fact means that children from low income families can get less education and their earnings in adulthood provide be lower. It is necessity to agree with this consequence of economic inequality because today many children from poor families have no chance to get good education and, as a result, they have low level of education. Without parental support, it is very rocky to get a good education.Children have to pay for their education. In wooing parents do not provide financial support to their children, they have to adventure a job in wander to pay for their studies at colleges or universities. In addition, economic inequality may decease to poor health of a particular population. The authors of the article state that social inequality has invalidating consequences for human health because it undermines social capital, or because it is associated with poorer social welfare nourishment or other institutional arrangements that disadvantage the poor (Neckerman & Torche, 2007, p. 341).In fact, there may be around other effects on human health, such as direct and indirect effects of stress on human health (alcohol/drug abuse, depression, mental disorders, etcetera ). This fact is certain because if an individual has no money to buy medication, food and services, he/she l eave behind not be able to improve health. There is clear licence that poverty and economic inequality may lead to health problems, according to Ichiro Kawachi, who links economic inequality to mortality (2000, p. 86). Finally, economic inequality in the United States has negative consequences for social order.According to the recent researches and theories, the individuals decision to commit a crime is often driven by the potential abominables calculation of expected returns in this framework, inequality may raise the expected returns from property crime (Neckerman & Torche, 2007, p. 343). It is necessary to agree with this statement as economic inequality is closely connected with criminal behavior of individuals. According to the frustration-aggression theory, income inequality can be viewed as the major source of frustration (Pare, 2006, p. 9).Many individuals in our society want to valuate and compare the level of their happiness with others. This unavoidable social comparis on process means that dissatisfaction with income inequality leads to frustration and violence (Pare, 2006, p. 9). When looking at economic inequality worldwide, the key issues that researchers should be concerned with, are based on more economic orbicular change, economic growth in some countries and declines in other countries. I believe that the absolute majority of developing countries will be left behind in an ever growing global economy.It has been found that most researchers are focused on the study of disparities inwardly the United States and other industrialized nations. Many developing countries which face economic inequality are not discussed in the media. It is very important to seek global inequality and its consequences for all nations. It is clear that disparities across nations may lead to conflicts and misunderstanding. Neckerman and Torche (2007) discuss some possible consequences of global inequality, including relative deprivation, the concentration of agent (p. 346). Grahame F.Thompson (2007) explores the relationships between the growing international economy, global inequality and globalization processes and states that there is no single and correct way to measure global inequality (p. 182). In fact, global inequality is a rather decomposable phenomenon which cannot be described without evaluation of the consequences of the global economic growth. One of the economists, Stanley Fischer, considers that there are two contradictory trends in global inequality. Actually, he states that global inequality between different nations was increasing during the period of 1980 2000.In order to decrease global inequality, the poor countries would have had to experience much higher order of economic growth than rich countries (Thompson, 2007, p. 178). On the other hand, he states that if rich countries continue to grow high-speed than poor countries, then global inequality would increase. In addition, global inequality is affected by globali zation. Many globalization critics point out to the fact that globalization has worsened global inequality, while the defenders of globalization state the opposite.As global inequality refers to the disproportionate distribution of income and wealth across all nations, different nations have unequal benefits from economic operations. According to Ritzer (2004), global inequality increases because the poor nations obtain a smaller part of a fixed per capita income for the world, what leads to the rise of poverty. However, there is clear evidence that globalization can compress global inequality. In fact, globalization leads to the faster diffusion of production technologies to poorer nations, what leads to reduction of global income inequality.The existing global inequality is the result of uneven regional growth rates during the past centuries, when the majority of Western countries moved ahead, while many Asian and African lagged behind. Today sociologists have learned much about e conomic inequality. However, there are still many questions about the major causes of economic inequality in todays environment. The empirical studies show considerable changes in the minimum wage and union membership, as well as other institutional factors that affect economic inequality.It has been found that economic inequality is a complex phenomenon that influences the lives of all individuals in the world. The rise in economic inequality is not a transitory process, and it has certain implications for social and political life, health, crime, educational increase and other consequences. The researchers have found that the major patterns and causes of economic inequality in the United States are inequality in wealth, wage inequality and inequality of opportunities. In addition, a considerable increase in immigration over the past 20 years increased income disparities in the United Sates.According to the recent research, the majority of immigrants come from poor countries to th e United States in order to find a well-paid job. One more factor of economic inequality is different education attainment of individuals. The US Census Bureau indicates that occupational achievement of individuals and the ability to perform tasks with the use of scarce skills provide higher incomes. Thus, education remains one of the major factors that influence income distribution, there by having a considerable effect on economic inequality.Global inequality may have certain implications for international relations, as well as it may increase relative deprivation among nations. Besides, global inequality may have social and political consequences, depending on the individuals information and interpretation of inequality, mediated by social relations, institutions and cultural context (Neckerman & Torche, 2007, p. 351). Thus, a number of solutions have been suggested that would support a more equal or fair economic environment within the United States and worldwide. First of all, it would be better to reduce inequalities in earnings.In order to reduce inequalities in income, it is required to develop and implement the appropriate policies, such as introducing a minimum wage at a reasonable level, reducing unemployment in the United States and worldwide, adopting progressive taxation system, according to which tax rate should be increased with the increase of income level, redistributing labor resources more in effect(p)ly, providing total concord over the existing monopoly prices, providing social security policies, such as pensions, unemployment allowances, etc. (Jain & Khanna, 2007, p. 66).Secondly, wealth inequality should be reduced through effective taxation system. According Mott Tracy (2010), wealth inequality is much more severe than income inequality and is the major contributor to income inequality (p. 136). The individuals, who have accumulated wealth, should be ready to pay wealth taxes. Thirdly, inequality of opportunity should be eliminated through effective strategies, such as providing equal opportunity to getting education, healthcare services, etc. (Becker, p. 137). In fact, many nations realize the importance of equal opportunity today, and try to make opportunity accessible to all members of society.