Carl Rogers Essay

Carl Rogers Carl Rogers Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 February 4, 1987) was an influential American psychologist and among the arrangeers of the humanistic overture to psychology. Rogers is widely overturned to be one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research and was esteemed for his pioneering research with the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contri aloneions by the American psychological Association in 1956.The person-centered approach, his own unique approach to understanding disposition and human sexual congressships, found wide application in various domains much(prenominal)(prenominal) as psychotherapy and counseling (client-centered therapy), upbringing ( schoolchild-centered holding), organizations, and other group settings. For his pro guide he was bestowed the Award for Distinguished Professional Contri just nowions to Psychology by the APA in 1972. Towards the end of his life Carl Rogers was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with national intergroup conflict in South Africa and Northern Ireland.In an confirm adapted study by Haggbloom et al. (2002) using six criteria such as citations and recognition, Rogers was found to be the sixth most eminent psychologist of the 20th century and second, among clinicians, alone to Sigmund Freud. The fully functioning person Optimal development, referred to below in hint 14, publications in a certain do work rather than static state. Rogers describes this as the good life, where the beingness continually aims to fulfill its full potential. He listed the characteristics of a fully functioning person (Rogers 1961) 1.A growing passness to have they move away from defensiveness and have no indispensableness for subception (a perceptual self-abnegation that involves unconsciously applying strategies to prevent a troubling stimulus from entering consciousness). 2. An to a greater extent(prenominal) and more than inhabitential lifestyle living from each one mo ment fully non distorting the moment to fit personality or self concept simply allowing personality and self concept to emanate from the experience. This results in excitement, daring, adaptability, tolerance, spontaneity, nd a lack of rigidity and suggests a foundation of authority. To vindicated ones spirit to what is going on now, and discover in that present process whatever anatomical expression it appears to have (Rogers 1961) 3. Increasing organismic trust they trust their own judgment and their ability to choose behavior that is appropriate for each moment. They do non rely on existing codes and social norms but trust that as they argon open to experiences they lead be commensurate to trust their own sense of right and wrong. 4.Freedom of choice not creation shackled by the restrictions that influence an incongruent individual, they argon able to make a wider range of choices more fluently. They believe that they play a role in determining their own behavior and so tactile sensation responsible for their own behavior. 5. Creativity it follows that they will feel more poverty-stricken to be creative. They will alike be more creative in the way they adapt to their own circumstances without feeling a need to conform. 6. Reliability and constructiveness they can be trusted to act constructively.An individual who is open to all their needs will be able to maintain a balance between them. Even aggressive needs will be matched and balanced by intrinsic goodness in congruent individuals. www. bapca. org. uk/about-2/carl-rogers. hypertext markup language? tmpl=component&print=1&page= 1/4 3/22/13 Carl Rogers 7. A rich full life he describes the life of the fully functioning individual as rich, full and excite and suggests that they experience joy and pain, love and heartbreak, fear and courage more intensely.Rogers definition of the good life This process of the good life is not, I am convinced, a life for the faint-hearted. It involves the s tretching and growing of becoming more and more of ones potentialities. It involves the courage to be. It means launching oneself fully into the be adrift of life. (Rogers 1961) Nineteen propositions Rogers theory (as of 1951) was based on 19 propositions 1. All individuals (organisms) exist in a continually changing world of experience (phenomenal field) of which they are the center. 2. The organism reacts to the field as it is experienced and sensed.This perceptual field is honesty for the individual. 3. The organism reacts as an organized whole to this phenomenal field. 4. A constituent of the total perceptual field gradually receives differentiated as the self. 5. As a result of interaction with the environment, and particularly as a result of evaluational interaction with others, the social organization of the self is formed an organized, fluid but logical conceptual pattern of perceptions of characteristics and relationships of the I or the me, together with set incl ined to these concepts. . The organism has one basic tendency and striving to actualize, maintain and arouse the experiencing organism. 7. The best vantage point for understanding behavior is from the internal regorge of reference of the individual. 8. Behavior is basically the goal-directed attempt of the organism to requite its needs as experienced, in the field as perceived. 9.Emotion accompanies, and in general quickens, such goal directed behavior, the kind of emotion being related to the perceived significance of the behavior for the maintenance and enhancement of the organism. 10. The nurtures attached to experiences, and the values that are a part of the self- complex body part, in almost(a) instances, are values experienced directly by the organism, and in some instances are values introjected or taken over from others, but perceived in distorted fashion, as if they had been experienced directly. 1. As experiences proceed in the life of the individual, they are eith er, a) symbolized, perceived and organized into some relation to the self, b) ignored because there is no perceived relationship to the self structure, c) denied emblematic re foundation or given distorted symbolization because the experience is inconsistent with the structure of the self. 12. Most of the ways of behaving that are adopted by the organism are those that are consistent with the concept of self. 13.In some instances, behavior may be brought about by organic experiences and needs which have not been symbolized. Such behavior may be inconsistent with the structure of the self but in such instances the behavior is not owned by the individual. 14. Psychological adjustment exists when the concept of the self is such that all the arresting and visceral experiences of the organism are, or may be, assimilated on a symbolic level into a consistent relationship with the concept of self. 15.Psychological maladjustment exists when the organism denies awareness of evidential arresting and visceral experiences, which consequently are not symbolized and organized into the gestalt of the self structure. When this situation exists, there is a basic or potential psychological tension. 16. Any experience which is inconsistent with the organization of the structure of the self may be www. bapca. org. uk/about-2/carl-rogers. hypertext markup language? tmpl=component&print=1&page= 2/4 3/22/13 Carl Rogers perceived as a brat, and the more of these perceptions there are, the more rigidly the self structure is organized to maintain itself. 7. Under certain conditions, involving primarily fetch up absence of threat to the self structure, experiences which are inconsistent with it may be perceived and examined, and the structure of self revised to assimilate and include such experiences. 18. When the individual perceives and accepts into one consistent and integrated system all his sensory and visceral experiences, then he is necessarily more understanding of other s and is more accept of others as separate individuals. 9. As the individual perceives and accepts into his self structure more of his organic experiences, he finds that he is replacing his present value system based extensively on introjections which have been distortedly symbolized with a continue organismic valuing process. Additionally, Rogers is known for practicing unconditional positive regard, which is defined as accepting a person without negative judgment of . a persons basic worth. Learner-centred educationCarl Rogers applied his experiences with adult therapy to the education process and developed the concept of learner-centered teaching. He had the following five hypotheses regarding learner-centered education -A person cannot teach some other person directly a person can only facilitate anothers learning (Rogers, 1951). This is a result of his personality theory, which states that everyone exists in a constantly changing world of experience in which he or she is t he center. Each person reacts and responds based on perception and experience.The tactual sensation is that what the learner does is more important than what the teacher does. The focus is on the student (Rogers, 1951). Therefore, the background and experiences of the learner are essential to how and what is learned. Each student will process what he or she learns differently depending on what he or she brings to the classroom. -A person learns significantly only those things that are perceived as being involved in the maintenance of or enhancement of the structure of self (Rogers, 1951). Therefore, relevancy to the student is essential for learning.The students experiences become the core of the course. - make love which, if assimilated, would involve a change in the organization of self, tends to be resisted through and through denial or distortion of symbolism (Rogers, 1951). If the content or presentation of a course is inconsistent with preconceived breeding, the student wil l learn if he or she is open to varying concepts. Being open to consider concepts that vary from ones own is vital to learning. Therefore, gently advance open-mindedness is athletic supporterful in engaging the student in learning.Also, it is important, for this reason, that new information is relevant and related to existing experience. -The structure and organization of self appears to become more rigid under threats and to relax its boundaries when completely free from threat (Rogers, 1951). If students believe that concepts are being forced upon them, they might become awkward and fearful. A barrier is created by a tone of threat in the classroom. Therefore, an open, friendly environment in which trust is developed is essential in the online classroom. Fear of retribution for not agreeing with a concept should be eliminated.A classroom tone of support helps to alleviate fears and encourages students to have the courage to research concepts and beliefs that vary from those th ey bring to the classroom. Also, new information might threaten the students concept of him- or herself therefore, the less vulnerable the student feels, the more likely he or she will be able to open up to the learning process. -The educational situation which most effectively promotes significant learning is one in which (a) threat to the self of the learner is rock-bottom to a minimum and (b) differentiated perception of the field is www. bapca. org. k/about-2/carl-rogers. html? tmpl=componentprint=1page= 3/4 3/22/13 Carl Rogers facilitated (Rogers, 1951). The instructor should be open to learning from the students and also working to connect the students to the subject matter. Frequent interaction with the students will help achieve this goal. The instructors acceptance of being a instruct who guides rather than the expert who tells is instrumental to student-centered, nonthreatening, and unforced learning. This article is taken from the Wikipedia launch for Carl Rogers. www. bapca. org. uk/about-2/carl-rogers. html? tmpl=component&print=1&page= 4/4